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My future speciality

A civil engineer practices civil engineering, the branch of engineering which focuses on the design, construction, and maintenance of public works. These professionals may be employed by municipalities or by private firms which have landed contracts to build such public works. The qualifications to become a civil engineer vary by nation, but generally the position requires at least a four year degree, and in some cases formal certification will be needed as well before someone can advertise as a civil engineer.

Civil engineering is one of the oldest and most extensive branches of engineering. It focuses on aspects of public works like transportation, water treatment, government buildings, public facilities such as airports and train stations, and other large scale projects which benefit the public. A civil engineer must be able to design safe structures which meet standard codes in the regions that they are being built in. These structures must be designed with maintenance, efficiency, and other economic concerns in mind as well to ensure that they will endure through years of use.

In terms of transportation, civil engineers build bridges, tunnels, freeway interchanges, and other structures which are designed to facilitate the smooth, even flow of traffic while allowing for expansion and higher use rates.

Heating and ventilation engineers design, install and maintain the heating and air conditioning systems found mainly in larger buildings like office blocks, factories, schools, hospitals, shops and sports centres.

Water treatment includes sewage plants, delivery systems for fresh water, dams, and other facilities which handle both fresh and waste water, while government buildings run the gamut from police stations to city halls. A civil engineer might also work on projects like a city power plant or a major office building.

People who are interested in a career in civil engineering should plan on taking large amounts of math and science in high school.

An individual will usually need a range of qualifications for a job as a civil engineer, Among the types of qualifications a person needs are those that involve an advanced education, often a bachelor's degree. strong analytical and creative skills; and related work experience.

Usually, a person who wants to enter the field of civil engineering needs both an analytical mind and the ability to pay attention to detail. Creativity, decision making, and communication skills are often important as well. Additionally, many employers consider curiosity an important characteristic in a civil engineer.

Experience is often included among the civil engineering qualifications as well. Usually, new graduates have to spend time in training and gain experience before they can work independently. In most cases, this means working under the supervision of an experienced engineer for a significant amount of time.

Перевод

Моя будущая специальность

Инженер строитель практик гражданского строительства,

К экзамену Лидия Алексеевна дала текст "Бетон" и устно рассказ о себе "About Myself and My Family" куда добавить где я учусь, и моя будущая специальность.

Concrete
It is difficult to imagine modern structure without concrete. Concrete is the very building material which led to great structural innovations. The most important quality of concrete is its property to be formed into large and strong monolithic units. The basic materials for making concrete are cement, aggregate and water. Cement is the most essential material and the most important one for making concrete of high quality. Cement is made of limestone and clay. It is burnt at high temperature and ground up into powder. Depending on the kind and composition of the raw materials different types of cement are obtained. Portland cement, blast furnace cement are suitable for putting up marine structures.

Concrete is made by mixing cement, water, sand and gravel in the right amount. As soon as it is thoroughly mixed it is poured into forms that hold it in place until it hardens. The crystals forming in the process of making concrete stick together in a very hard artificial stone. Cement starts hardening one hour after the water has been added and the process of hardening lasts for about 28 days. The process is called concrete curing.

The characteristics of concrete depend on the quality of the materials used, grading of the aggregates, proportioning and amount of water. The most important requirements for concrete are: it should be hard, strong, durable, fire-resistant and economical. Concrete can be divided into two classes: mass or plain concrete and reinforced concrete where it is necessary to introduce steel. Plain or mass concrete can be used for almost all building purposes. Ferro-concrete is used in building bridges and arches, dams and dock walls, for structures under water, for foundations, columns, girders, beams. The use of concrete and ferro-concrete is almost universal.

Builders now produce two types of new building materials: alkali-slag concrete and silica concrete. In alkali-slag concrete cement is replaced by a mixture of granulated blast-furnace slag and sodium and potassium compounds. The fillers can be sand or sandy loams containing various amounts of clay which usually cannot be used with conventional cement. The new material has been tested successfully and is now being used for irrigation systems, roads, pavements and other structures. Silica concrete is widely used in aviation and in underwater constructions.

Перевод "Бетон"
Трудно представить современное строение без бетона. Бетон является строительным материалом, который привел к большим конструктивным нововведениям. Наиболее важным качеством бетона является его свойство быть сформированным в большие и крепкие монолитные блоки. Основные материалы для изготовления бетона: цемент, заполнители и вода. Цемент является наиболее важным материалом и самым важным для изготовления бетона высокого качества. Цемент изготовлен из известняка и глины. Они обжигаются при высокой температуре и перемалывается в порошок. В зависимости от вида и состава сырья получаются различные виды цемента. Портландцемент, шлаковый цемент подходят для размещения морских сооружений.

Бетон производится путем смешивания цемента, воды, песка и гравия в нужном количестве. Как только их тщательно перемешают их заливают в формы, которые удерживают его на месте, пока он не затвердеет. Кристаллы, образующие в процессе приготовления бетона держаться вместе в очень тяжелом искусственном камне. Цемент начинает твердеть через один час после того, как добавлена вода, и процесс затвердевания длится около 28 дней. Этот процесс называется выдерживание бетона.

Характеристики бетона зависят от качества используемых материалов, гранулометрического состава наполнителей, пропорций и количества воды. Наиболее важные качества бетона: он должен быть твердым, прочным, долговечным, огнестойким и экономичным. Бетон можно разделить на два класса: густая смесь или обычный бетон и железобетон, в который необходимо добавлять сталь. Чистый или неармированный бетон может быть использован практически для всех строительных целей. Железобетон используется при строительстве мостов и арок, плотин, дамб, причальных стенок, для подводных конструкций, под фундаменты, колонны, ригели, балки. Использование бетона и железобетона является едва не универсальным.